Other Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Other - Essay Example They can likewise assist individuals with counting calories in an appropriate way and aid loss of weight, while staying in shape. Proposal: American ‘super foods’ just as an enormous number of products of the soil that are delivered in America are great for wellbeing and can really help individuals in their wellness systems and to keep up a sound way of life. Step by step, an ever increasing number of Americans are getting cognizant about their wellbeing and dietary propensities. They are taking to nourishment due to the wild heftiness world over, particularly in America, due to the low quality nourishment culture. Despite the fact that an enormous number of individuals despite everything have helpless dietary patterns and have taken to expending lousy nourishment or cheap food consistently, there are individuals spreading mindfulness with respect to the significance of legitimate living. Magazines, papers, programs, the radio, just as numerous contemporary movies and books being made and written in the US have been advancing good dieting and a sound way of life, with the assistance of American nourishments itself. In addition, eating lousy nourishment isn't too awful whenever expended in a controlled way. Numerous American guardians have started to lay accentuation on guaranteeing that their youngsters get a sound eating routine. Schools in the nation have additionally started to advocate sound nourishments and plates of mixed greens as a component of their chaos or cafeterias and have started to preclude the utilization of sodas and quick food sources so as to assist understudies with understanding that a high healthy benefit is considerably more significant than devouring something that may appear to be scrumptious however comprises of a high number of calroies. Regarding products of the soil, there are nourishments like blueberries, pumpkin seeds, avocados, yams and so forth that are created in America in high amounts. (Mitzweich, John) These nourishments are extremely wealthy in sustenances and help individuals in overral improvement of their bodies. Besides, salmon is delivered in the nation and offered to a lot of family units too;

What will it take for you to be where you want to be 25 years from now Essay

What will it take for you to be the place you need to be quite a while from now - Essay Example It must be evident to see that the objective require speculations now and this would provoke me to make a rundown of where will I get the assets to back my instruction in school. The base sort of instruction that an effective therapist ought to have ought to incorporate completing an alumni and post advanced education. I will take up my college degree in brain research at University of Louisiana at Lafayette (ULL) in the fall. The assets during my undergrad which would need to come essentially from my folks and cherished one with some self improvement on the off chance that I will choose to fill in just as study. More than the budgetary assets, obviously, is the enthusiastic help of my folks and adores ones to expand on ethics for progress which I will talk about in this paper. In the wake of completing my college degree I intend to get a work understanding of a few years before I will make advanced education to be trailed by a post-graduate.1 This is a long excursion and it would take a blend of tolerance and tirelessness as essential temperances to have the option to be what I need to be multi year from now. Being patient can be found in the life of a turtle. The turtle might be moderate moving however everything its might do is determined and it can utilize its scales for endurance and assurance just as change. By contrasting my ideal qualities with be effective to that of a turtle, the equivalent would mean utilizing my â€Å"scales† which I liken with my inspirational standpoint in existence with high feeling of authenticity. On the off chance that I would need to consume the 12 PM oil when I need to do my school works and task, I should. In school I know there would be numerous task, research works and ventures that must be practiced before cutoff times and restless individuals can't just have them achieved. I accept the most ideal approach to plan for them is the temperance of persistence. A

Production of Pure Lipases

Creation of Pure Lipases Most Rhizopus lipases portrayed in the writing are delivered by their host cells in exceptionally modest quantities, which isn't appropriate for huge scope mechanical applications. Another downside of working with local microorganisms is that Rhizopus sp. typically delivers distinctive isolipases with various biocatalytic properties, which convolutes biocatalytic application with undesirable symptoms brought about by irrelevant proteins (67). In this manner, so as to actualize increasingly modern lipase applications, one of the most encouraging systems is to create heterologous lipases in a host microorganism which have the preferences to limit the multifaceted nature of the bioprocess, to encourage the more financial creation of huge amounts of unadulterated lipases and to lessen costs (68). Rhizopus species was for the most part separated into three gatherings, including R. oryzae, R. microsporus, R. stolonifer (69). As of not long ago, the lipase qualities from all these three gatherings have been cloned. Steady with the recommendation that numerous Rhizopus disengages are really a similar living being (69), about complete personalities were seen in the lipase qualities from the sort Rhizopus. In the R. oryzae gathering, lipases from R. niveus IFO 9759 (70) (71) (72), R. delemar ATCC34612 (73) (74) and R. javanicus (75) have indistinguishable amino corrosive groupings, and the lipases from R. oryzae ATCC 853 (76, 77) (78) and R. arrhizus L-03-R-1(79) vary by just a few replacements. The lipase from R. stolonifer (GenBank No. AAZ66864.1) and R. chinensis (GenBank No. ABN59381.2)(80) were of about 80% amino corrosive grouping character to R. oryzae lipase (GenBank No. BAG16821.1) (Fig). Rhizopus lipases are incorporated as pre-star proteins made out of sign grouping, pro sequence and develop lipase arrangement (76) (80). The creation of Rhizopus lipases has been acted in Escherichia coli [8], in Saccharomyces cerevisiae [9] and in Pichia pastoris [10,11]. Because of either extraordinary protein post-translational alterations influencing the glycosylation example of these lipases, or to proteolytic cleavage items emerging from the develop, the master or the pre-ace compound, the lipases got from recombinant strains demonstrated diverse atomic mass and distinctive enzymatic properties contrasted and those from wild strains (75) (81). E. coli as host At the point when E. coli was chosen as a host, overexpression of R. oryzae prolipase (ProROL) and develop R. oryzae lipase (mROL) was accomplished by utilizing E. coli BL321, the warmth inducible vector pCYTEXP1 and the preOmpA arrangement to accomplish discharge into the periplasmic space (77) (76). Both combination proteins instigated by a temperature move to 42 Â °C were accurately prepared and translocated to the periplasmic space, yet both mROL and ProROL collected as insoluble totals. Moreover, the compound movement of mROL harms cells even at low fixations, while the outflow of dynamic ProROL has no poisonous consequences for E. coli and the measure of purged dynamic ProROL (103 U/mL) is bigger than that of mROL by a factor of more than 100(77). By in vitro refolding of the insoluble type of mROL, its prosequence should bolster the refolding of mROL in vitro (77). R. delemar lipase was likewise communicated as idle and insoluble structures in the cytoplasm of E. coli BL21(DE 3) utilizing plasmid vector pET11d (74). So as to accomplish solvent creation in E. coli, Di Lorenzo et al. (82) utilized a reductase-lacking host strain, E. coli Origami(DE3), which incredibly upgrade disulfide bond development in the E. coli cytoplasm, and pET-11d as articulation frameworks, yielded effectively collapsed and dynamic mROL and ProROL just in the cytoplasm part. In spite of the fact that the particular exercises of mROL and ProROL are practically identical, the yield of ProROL (166U/mL) was higher than that of mROL (82). S. cerevisiae as host As opposed to E. coli articulation framework, eukaryotic articulation framework (eg. P. pastoris, S. cerevisiae) has the upside of discharge into the cell culture supernatant, evading cell interruption, and post-translational changes, including glycosylation and disulfide bond development. Takahashi et al. (78) revealed the creation of the dynamic R. oryzae lipase (ROL) by S. cerevisiae. At the point when the ProROL quality intertwined with S. cerevisiae ÃŽ ±-factor signal arrangement was communicated in S. cerevisiae utilizing UPR-ICL as an advertiser, two types of ROL, ProROL (46 kDa) and r28ROL (35 kDa) having 28 amino acids of the prosequence, were emitted into the way of life medium, however the movement of mROL was not distinguished in both the medium and cells (78). The N-terminal amino corrosive arrangement investigation uncovered that the prepared structure r28ROL was separated by Kex2-like protease in S. cerevisiae at the acknowledgment site KR in the prosequence (78). The autonomous creation of two distinctive atomic types of ROL was effectively acquired utilizing Kex2-designed strains of S. cerevisiae (83). The measures of compound discharged were evaluated as 78.8 mg/l stock for ProROL and 38.3 mg/l stock for r28ROL. These two types of ROL showed particular properties. ProROL were more thermostable than the handled lipase r28ROL (83), which was likewise seen on account of R. niveus lipase communicated in S. cerevisiae (84). The communicated R. niveus lipase movement in the way of life supernatant arrived at 1600 U/mL, a worth proportionate to 0.2~0.3 g lipase protein per 1 liter of culture supernatant (72). The job of the prosequence of ROL was additionally investigated in S. cerevisiae. When mROL was co-communicated in trans with the prosequence combined to the pre-alpha-factor pioneer arrangement, the movement of mROL was recouped, recommended that the covalent linkage of the prosequence to the mROL was redundant for the capacity (85) (86) . From the statement of the ROL freaks with cancellations at the N-terminal finish of the prosequence along with mROL in trans, the buildups from 20 to 37 in the prosequence were basic for the discharge, and those from 38 to 57 were fundamental for the development of the dynamic ROL and might assume a job as an intramolecular chaperone (86). Aside from extracellular articulation, R. oryzae lipase was likewise effectively shown on the cell surface of S. cerevisiae with a lipase action of 350.6 U/L (87-89). P. pastoris as host On the as opposed to S. cerevisiae articulation framework when the prolipase quality from R. arrhizus was communicated in P. pastoris, just the develop lipase appended with 28 amino acids of the carboxy-terminal piece of the prosequence was discharged in the supernatant (Niu, Li et al. 2006). Prolipase with complete prosequence was about found in the supernatant which might be the outcome that the movement of Kex2-like protease was higher in P. pastoris than in S. cerevisiae (Niu, Li et al. 2006). Strangely, articulation of the prolipase quality from R. chinensis in P. ministers delivered two types of lipase, develop lipase appended with 27 amino acids of the prosequence (r27RCL) and develop lipase (mRCL) (Yu, Wang et al. 2009). At the beginning period of aging, the recombinant P. ministers delivered just r27RCL, which was bit by bit debased into mRCL alongside the aging, most likely handled by serine proteases introduced in the way of life medium (Yu, Wang et al. 2009). For R. oryza e lipase, r28ROL was likewise seen to change over to develop lipase continuously hatched at 0-6 Â °C for a couple of days (Sayari, Frikha et al. 2005, Hama, Tamalampudi et al. 2006). It has been accounted for that the prosequence from R. chinensis lipases was more productive than that from ROL in the job of encouraging the collapsing and emission of a functioning lipase (Yu, Sha et al. 2013). The movement of the illusory lipase from R. oryzae by supplanting the prosequence with that from R. chinensis arrived at 4050 U/mL, which was 11 overlap higher than that of the parent communicated in P. pastoris (Yu, Sha et al. 2013). mROL movement communicated in S. cerevisiae was not recognized (Ueda, Takahashi et al. 2002), while mROL was practically communicated and discharged in P. pastoris (Beer, McCarthy et al. 1998) (Minning, Schmidt-Dannert et al. 1998). The declaration of mROL was looked at under changed controlled advertisers (Serrano 2002) (Cos, Resina et al. 2005) (Resina, Serrano et al. 2004), for example liquor oxidase 1 advertiser (PAOX), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase advertiser (PGAP) and the formaldehyde dehydrogenase 1 advertiser (PFLD1). Articulation of the develop type of ROL under the constitutive PGAP advertiser brought about amazingly low extracellular lipase levels (Serrano 2002). PAOX is exceptionally prompted during development on methanol, yet firmly stifled during development of the yeast on most regular carbon sources, for example, glucose, glycerol or ethanol, while PFLD1 permits the structure of sans methanol culture techniques, being methylamine a less unpredictable and combustible inducer. Valero and co-creators (Resina, Cos et al. 2005) (Cos, Resina et al. 2005) effectively communicated mROL in P. pastoris under the PFLD1 advertiser utilizing methylamine as nitrogen and sorbitol as carbon source. The profitability under PFLD1 advertiser are practically identical to the great PAOX framework (Resina, Cos et al. 2005) (Cos, Resina et al. 2005). Be that as it may, limitationsincurrent knowledgein the guideline of methylamine digestion in P. pastoris limit thedesignof efficientfermentationstrategies utilizing PFLD1 advertiser. The nearness of numerous coordinated duplicates of an ideal articulation tape has been accounted for to be a significant factor in expanding remote protein creation in P. pastoris (Cos, Serrano et al. 2005). The elevated level articulation of R. chinensis lipase was accomplished by streamlining of the lipase quality duplicate number in the host strain P. pastoris (Sha, Yu et al. 2013). Among 1, 3, 5 and 6-duplicate strains, the most extreme lipase movement arrived at 12,500 U/mL in 5-adapt strain, which was 6.2-overlap higher than that in 1-duplicate strain (Sha, Yu et al. 2013). Expanding quality duplicate number now and again brought about a diminished last efficiency yield (Sha, Yu et al. 2013) or a negative impact on cell development (Cos, Serrano et al. 2005), which showed pressure

When you draw a picture Essay Example For Students

At the point when you draw an image Essay When you draw an image, do you attract the character squares first for sure? I simply cant appear to get my characters anatomically right. I saw your booklets on your site. Do you are aware of any books Which instruct you to attract the body squares? From Christine Luau dont draw squares first when drawing a figure. Normally Ill DOD w? Rye free, light, jot signal drawing. In the event that you need to get familiar with the squares technique, attempt any of the books by George Abridgment, Andrew Loomis, or the books by Robert Beverly Hale. All are recorded on my site) Avoid books by Burner Hogwash, (one of my old educators) as they field precise and can be misdirecting. (note: Glenn Fillips books are additionally an astounding source! ) ay far, the best book for life structures however is the book by Stephen Rogers Peck (likewise on the site). There is no handy solution for drawing life systems It just takes a fearers of study. Keep it up however, its justified, despite all the troubl e once you get handle on it!!! P. S. Likewise, draw from live naked models however much as could reasonably be expected, that is the best technique to learn it We will compose a custom paper on When you draw an image explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now What is the hardest thing to draw? From Everybody! Nothing is extremely harder or simpler to attract a mechanical sense, If an individual can draw a certain something, they are flawlessly equipped for drawing something different with a similar level of precision _ The issue is in the expression a similar level of exactness. In the event that somebody says they can draw, for example, scenes, however they cannot draw individuals, what they are truly saying is, when draw scenes, draw all around ok that nobody can determine what Ive drawn mistakenly. The explanation individuals, and particularly faces, are so hard to draw isn't on the grounds that they themselves are any harder to draw than a tree. What changes is our resistance as watchers for any level Of mistake. We are so personally acquainted With faces and their related subtleties, that the smallest deviation shows up as a gross distorting. Along these lines, am continually requesting my understudies draw individuals, and particula rly self-pictures, since they viably feature any feeble expertise zones that need consideration. My understudies wrongly accept this is on the grounds that Im vicious, What reason does drawing have for specialists today? From Carols (Shorebird, United Kingdom) think individuals regularly distort drawing as a medium, or gathering of mediums, as opposed to an action. Consider attracting to be what could be compared to language. t is just the manner in which we convey thoughts outwardly through a progression of imprints on a ground. So to rethink the inquiry, it is similar to approaching What reason goes talking have for individuals today? For both, the appropriate response would give is the correspondence of data. This data can appear as thoughts, musings, discourse, diversion, or simply strict realities, yet for these, drawing is only the method of transmission. How slyly this is done is another, independent, issue. On account of specialists explicitly, it is the quickest and most proficient approach to speak to a thought outwardly. Undeniably more prompt than some other method O f doing it, an immediately drawn sketch or thumbnail is typically the principal look a craftsman has at how they may execute a thought.

Comparative Literature Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Similar Literature Paper - Essay Example Individuals from everywhere throughout the world wish to leave the â€Å"land of milk and honey†, just to discover that there are as yet gigantic difficulties they need to face to get that tricky â€Å"milk and honey†. More than tales about neediness, their terrible house and their families, A Raisin in the Sun by Lorraine Hansberry and The House on Mango Street by Sandra Cisneros are comparable from numerous points of view as these weave stories about tough ladies (both foreigner ladies of shading) as they go up against their lives in the US together with their families. They will show their mental fortitude and produce huge solidarity to vanquish the difficulties they need to confront. They should demonstrate something, for themselves, yet for their families too. Looking at the two papers, we could nearly smell the characters’ prosperity as they will undoubtedly resolve the different clashes that they face. In the previous a quarter century, the field of women’s movement history in the United States has changed itself from a minor disciplinary field to a significant method of understanding one of the biggest twentieth century subjects for the sociologies all in all: the versatility of individuals and its effect upon the relationship of sexual orientations. Actually, the investigation of ladies foreigners has additionally filled in as a significant connector between customary teaches and fields of request in the United States (Schneider, 2003). The two stories by Hansberry and Cisneros, unexpectedly by ladies as well, weaves a feature of what outsider ladies need to confront living in the US. The consistent idea that ties these stories is the difficulties they face as minority ladies in America as they search for their own place in an obscure nation; and look for the freedom and opportunity from lives eased back somewhere near servitude. Not just these ladies show the various threats numerous ladies face as they are seen as the second rate sex, yet they additionally try to supplant the segregation brought about by the shade of their

Lesson Planning

Lesson Planning You’ve read in my blog entries about the weekly Engineering Leadership Laboratories (ELLs), and one thing I’ve realized since I became a second-year GEL student (hereafter referred to as a “GEL 2”) is that the ELLs take a lot of behind-the-scenes planning. ELLs are two-hour activities on Fridays that give GELs hands-on experience in our “Capabilities of Effective Engineering Leaders.” Some examples from earlier this semester include: Diverse Connections Resourcefulness Urgency to Deliver, Initiative, and Decision Making It’s safe to say that the GEL 2s devote at least ten hours a week to help plan each ELL, with most of the work happening in our weekly GEL 2 meetings on Tuesday nights. Most ELLs are recycled from the previous year with minor adjustments, but the end of the semester features a student-planned ELL that calls upon the GEL 2s to conceive and operate a unique ELL. We started planning the December 2 Student-Run ELL a few weeks before Thanksgiving, and knew that we wanted something interactive and competitive, but still relevant to engineering leadership. After much discussion, we settled on a negotiation activity, in which each team had to build “satellites” out of Legos (apparently we really like Legosâ€"who doesnt?!). The catch was that each team didn’t have enough Legos to make satellites on its own. Some teams had a lot of brown pieces, some teams had a little bit of everything, some teams needed only black pieces. Each Lego had a point value assigned to it, and a completed satellite was worth more than the sum of its parts. The teams’ goal was to maximize points through negotiations with other teams. At our GEL 2 team meeting a few nights before the ELL, we did some “alpha testing” to make sure that our ELL idea was even feasible. The biggest problem? We finished the entire activity in less than 15 minutes. ELLs are two hours long, so we obviously needed to throw in some curveballs to make the activity more complex. We redistributed Legos to ensure that every team had to make at least one negotiation before completing a satellite and separated “planning” time and “negotiating” time into two separate periods per round (four rounds total). Although each team could talk to any other team, it could make a deal with only two predetermined teams (team 2 could only trade with teams 1 and 3, for example). On Friday, as the teams sat with their GEL 2 Team Leader (and the GEL faculty looked on), we explained the learning objectives and the activity began, with Bruce, Director of GEL Communications and Outreach, and I snapping as many pictures as we could. In the first round, there was silence. Very little negotiating took place because teams were still trying to develop a strategy. After the first two satellites were made in the second round, discussions started to get more energetic. Interestingly, two teams decided to share their resources and split the satellite points 50/50, while my team got the pieces they needed to turn in the other one. The teams that hadn’t yet made a satellite scrambled to get the pieces they needed. In round 3 things got intense. The moment the planning phase ended and the negotiation phase began, teams jumped out of their chairs to get conversations going. Each team obviously knew what it wanted and was racing against the clockâ€"and other teamsâ€"to finalize deals. Negotiations were still going strong as time ran out at the end of the fourth round. It seemed that team 5 won, but a last minute merger between teams 3 and 4 gave all of team 4’s points to team 3 in exchange for splitting the prize. It was a solution the GEL 2’s weren’t expecting, but it was a fairly negotiated agreement so it was approved and the teams got to shared a giant bag of candy. The important thing about ELLs is that, even when they get competitive, we’re more interested in the “so what?,” not the “what?” It didn’t really matter about Legos, candy, or winning; what mattered were the lessons GELs learned during their planning and negotiation, because those are what well need in the future. After leading for two rounds, my team ended up in third, but after our quick debrief, they realized that they had learned a lot about the art of negotiation. They were happy with how they delegated roles at the very beginning of the exercise so they knew who was in charge of negotiations and who was in charge of the Lego “inventory.” Then, they defined what exactly they wanted and what they were willing to give upâ€"and which teams they thought they could negotiate with effectively. As a GEL 2, it was great to see how much the GELs enjoyed the activity. Our weeks of hard work and planning paid off, and the GEL staff have already said they want to keep this activity for next year. If any 2012 GEL students are reading this now, I recommend one thing: DONT FOCUS ON THE CANDY. Looking for more photos? There are plenty on the GEL flickr and facebook pages!

Three Day Diet Reflection - Free Essay Example

For my three day diet reflection it was telling me I needed to drink more water, I did not have enough nutrients in my food throughout the day, and I needed to be more physically active. I also need to take more nutrients in my body other than the vitamins I take once day. Healthy eating is not always easy, food is addicting and sometimes we indulge in our cravings. Sometimes we are just so busy throughout our day we do not eat as much nutrients as we need to. Like for me for instance, doing the myfitnesspal app the calories I intake I needed to eat more throughout the day and healthier cause I would eat when I can and sometime its hours within the day. Than thats when I would go to fast food because it was fast and easy, but it also affected my physical health. Also in myfitnesspal app it said I should drink more water and I know I should because I would drink a lot soda before as well. To this day I would exercise and slowly see changes with myself and my body. In the beginning of my diet to lose weight and improve health was one of my main goals, but it can be a bit overwhelming. For the next few weeks my plan is to exercises daily, changing my eating habits, and trying to eat as much nutrients as I can. Most importantly manage my time with everything to stop procrastinating and doing everything last minute. Now I make a checklist for myself and do as much as I can. There are bound to be challenges in your life whenever we start something new, especially when your used to doing a routine everyday. â€Å"You don’t have to be perfect, you don’t have to completely eliminate foods you enjoy, and you don’t have to change everything all at once—that usually only leads to cheating or giving up on your new eating plan† (Segal and Robinson, 2018). To this day I still get cravings, but when I do I either substitute my food with a healthier nourishment, for example when I crave ice cream ill substitute it with yog urt with a lot of fruits on top. Managing my time, changing bad habits, and being physically active you have to stay motivated and positive this will only benefit yourself. Changing your eating habits and working out was a bit difficult at first because it was like a roller coaster for me in the beginning, but as I was doing it constantly it would get easier day by day. I can see the changes in myself about feeling more confident, having more energy, boosting my mood, and most importantly improving my health. There are days when I would eat unhealthy but I also tried to portion my size and exercise the next day. During the week I will regulate my schedule in doing at least 2 miles on the elliptical or treadmill every Monday and Wednesday, for the other days I will try to increase my intensity of my work out and push myself little by little each day. While doing myfitnesspal app it does suggest that I should really intake more in my calories as well with proper nutrients in my food. Especially I should start meal prepping to also avoid myself from going to fast food and I will also be saving money as well. Living a healthy lifestyle can be very stressful because we have times that we are tempted into making the wrong choices. We are human when it comes to failure we learn from our mistakes. Never give up on your goal it will increase your self determination and make you stronger in the future. Personally I still make good and bad choices in life, I still live a life to standards in what I can handle, I push myself to make me better as a whole. We learn from from our failure that challenges us to better, always strive to accomplishing your goal â€Å"you never lose either you win or you learn.†

An Old Assyrian Proverb By Marquis De Lafayette - 1894 Words

An old Assyrian proverb states â€Å"tell me your friends, and I’ll tell you who you are†, but what does that say about you when you’re friends with the great George Washington? Does it mean that you yourself are also a great man? That is what it truly seems to mean when it comes to Marquis de Lafayette. Lafayette was the top-ranking officer to the commanding general George Washington, and a very huge contributor to the United States of America gaining its independence. Marquis de Lafayette was born on September 6, 1757, in Chavaniac, in the province of Auvergne in south central France. By the age of two Marquis lost his father who was a Colonel of grenadiers when he was killed at the battle of Minden in 1759 during the seven years’ war. Nine years after his father’s death in 1768, he moved to Paris with his mother, and entered the college du Plessis. By the age of 12 Marquis became an orphan when his mother passed away as well. His grandmother pass ed not long after his mother as well, leaving Marquis with a large inheritance. On April 9, 1771, When Lafayette was fourteen years old he entered the Royal Army. Two years later when he reached the age of sixteen, Lafayette married Marie Adrienne Francoise de Noailles. This gave him an alliance with one of the top and most wealthy families in France since she was related to the king. Lafayette was introduced to America at a dinner on August 8, 1775. The Duke of Gloucester spoke with him of the struggles going on in the colonies

The Role of Science in Our Life

The Role of Science in Our Life In every generation and in every century there always exist a number of people, who are afraid of everything that is related to possible changes. In various epochs they are called differently: luddites, anti-globalists, ecologists and so on; but their nature is always the same. They hate progress and strive to preserve the status quo without seemingly realizing the fact that the same very kind of people hated progress and strived to retain the status quo a hundred years ago, and now they use all the things that were denounced by their spiritual ancestors. In their blogs on the Internet they write about immoral scientists, who conduct dangerous experiments; but they do not realize that they actually use the product of the very science they hate in order to convey their thought to the similarly-minded. Science always has to fight against heavy odds, for it always tries to show how useful something may be to people who don’t want to listen, knowing that the very moment they will be persuaded, they will use a yet another product of science against what has created it. It wouldn’t be an exaggeration to say that a scientist is the hero of modern day, and not a politician or a social activist. Science makes our life possible – today a human being cannot imagine his or her life without all the many thousands of little and big things, created by science in the course of millennia. And the people who denounce it for meddling with the things that we do not understand, just don’t see that there is no way to study a thing that you don’t understand without, well, studying it. Of course, science always prevails in the end, for life is stronger than death. But it is really embarrassing to see how hard it has to fight.

Process Writing for ESL and EFL

Process writing is an approach to incorporating writing skills from the very beginning of the English learning process. It was developed by Gail Heald-Taylor in her book Whole Language Strategies for ESL Students. Process writing focuses on allowing students—especially young learners—to write with plenty of room left for error. Standard correction begins slowly, and children are encouraged to communicate through writing, despite limited understanding of structure. Process writing can also be used in an adult ESL/EFL setting to encourage learners to start working on their writing skills from a beginning level. If you are teaching adults, the first thing learners need to understand is that their writing skills will be well below their native language writing skills. This seems rather obvious, but adults are often hesitant to produce written or spoken work that is not up to the same level as their native language skills. By easing your students fears about producing sub-par written work, you can help encourage them to improve their writing abilities. Only mistakes made in grammar and vocabulary that has been covered up to the current point in time should be corrected. Process writing is all about the process of writing. Students are striving to come to terms with writing in English by writing in English. Allowing for mistakes and refining based on materials covered in class—instead of perfect English—will help students incorporate skills at a natural pace, and improve their understanding of materials discussed in class in a natural progression. Here is a short overview of how you can incorporate process writing into your students learning routine. Aim: Improve writing skills from beginning levels of EnglishActivity: Process writing - journalsLevel: Beginning to advancedMaterials Needed: Notebook for each student Outline Encourage learners to write in their journal at least a few times a week. Explain the idea of process writing, and how mistakes arent important at this stage. If you are teaching higher levels, you can vary this by stating that mistakes in grammar and syntax on material not yet covered arent important  and that this will be a great way to review material covered in past levels. Students should write on the front side of each page only. Teachers will provide notes on the writing on the back. Remember to focus only on material covered in class when correctly student work. Start this activity by modeling the first journal entry as a class. Ask students to come up with various themes that could be covered in a journal (hobbies, work-related themes, observations of family and friends, etc.). Write these themes on the board. Ask each student to choose a theme and write a short journal entry based on this theme. If students do not know a particular vocabulary item, they should be encouraged to describe this item (for example, the thing which turns on the TV)  or draw the item. Collect the journals the first time in class and do a quick, superficial correction of each students journal. Ask students to rewrite their work based on your comments. After this first session, collect students workbooks once a week and correct only one piece of their writing. Ask students to rewrite this piece.

Symptoms Of Alzheimer s Disease - 2043 Words

Introduction I think one of the saddest day in my life was when I found out my father had Alzheimer’s disease. It took an emotional toll on me and my family members. I believe Alzheimer is much harder on me and my loved ones than on my grandfather; because he was unaware of what was going on. It’s painful watching my grandfather degrade and get worse each and every day. The worst thing is that he doesn’t even know who I am anymore. In this paper I will discuss certain risk factors, background of Alzheimer’s, Background of Alzheimer’s Alzheimer’s disease was first identified in 1906 by German doctor Alois Alzheimer and was named after him. Alzheimer s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder associated with aging and characterized by deposits of beta-amyloids and neurofibrillary tangles. Alzheimer’s disease disrupts the critical metabolic processes in neurons and makes them unhealthy. Due to these disruptions the nerve cells lose connections with other nerve cells, stop working and finally die. The death of nerve cells in temporoparietal cortex and frontal cortex is the primary reason for memory failure, personality changes, and problems in carrying out daily activities. According to the Associated Press† Smokers are twice as likely as lifetime nonsmokers to develop Alzheimer’s disease and other forms of dementia†. What causes Alzheimer’s? Alzheimer s disease is caused by microtubules being disconnected from tau, an importantShow MoreRela tedSymptoms And Symptoms Of Alzheimer s Disease1642 Words   |  7 Pages Abstract Alzheimer’s disease is a brain disorder when brain cells degenerate and die. Alzheimer’s dieses destroys the patient’s memory within time. The mental functions of the brain also get destroyed when a person gets Alzheimer’s. Alzheimer’s disease is most commonly seen when the patient is sixty to seventy years old. In this research paper the reader will learn about the signs and symptoms, causes, course of disease, outcome and secondary diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis and survivalRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Alzheimer s Disease930 Words   |  4 PagesAlzheimer’s Disease Kevin Arnold from the Wonder Years said â€Å"Memory is a way of holding on to the things you love, the things you are, and the things never want to lose.† Memories are the things that are upheld, whether good or bad, those memories are imprinted in the mind and cannot be taken away that is, until later in life. As one ages it is natural for some memories to fade. Loss of memories and brain function deficits that occur and are not from normal aging may indicate a person is sufferingRead MoreSymptoms Of Alzheimer s Disease715 Words   |  3 PagesAlzheimer’s disease has long been considered as a irremediable illness for old people. According to the data collected by Alzheimer s Association(2016), the overall 5.4 million American suffers from Alzheimer s disease, and this population is growing in a certain rate for majority of this population aged 65 and up. Identify possible Alzheimer’s symptom could be rather difficult because people are lack of the awareness of their implicit illness, which later contribute to the Alzheimer s disease. AlsoRead MoreSymptoms Of Alzheimer s Disease1006 Words   |  5 PagesAlzheimer s disease is a severe illness that affects the brain and leads to gradual memory loss, reduced intellectual ability and deterioration function of thinking. Alzheimer s disease (AD), the most common type of dementia, is a progressive neurological disorder that increasingly robs individuals of cognitive, behavioral, and functional skills (Demakis, 2007). The reason for the appearance this disease is a collection of disorders in the brain due to which its cells are dying partially. In theRead MoreSymptoms Of Alzheimer s Disease810 Words   |  4 PagesAlzheimer’s disease As the world becomes more happy and joyful, people haven’t stepped into the world of Alzheimer’s yet. Just imagine losing your ability to do normal things you do every day and then you can’t do them anymore. Alzheimer’s is a type of dementia that causes changes and differences in memory, behavior, and how the person’s brain works. The symptoms of Alzheimer’s worsen over time. (Alzheimer’s Association 2015). All of the family members will be affected if one person gets this disease. ThisRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Alzheimer s Disease2374 Words   |  10 PagesAs a society, we are constantly faced with negative news about different diseases and genetic disorders. One genetic disorder that has affected the lives of many is, Alzheimer’s Disease. Alzheimer’s is the most common type of dementia that affects and causes problems with thinking, behavior and memory. Most of the time, symptoms of Alzheimer’s develo p slowly and progress and worsen over time. Eventually the symptoms become severe enough that they begin to interfere with normal and daily tasksRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Alzheimer s Disease3214 Words   |  13 Pages NEU ID: 001983161 Donepezil and other acetylcholinesterase inhibitors in Alzheimer’s disease Abstract: Alzheimer’s disease (AD), discovered by Dr. Alois Alzheimer in 1907, is the most common form of dementia. The early symptom of Alzheimer’s disease is having difficulty in remembering recent events. At the advanced stage, the signs and symptoms of AD include: memory loss, confusion, trouble concentrating, frustration, irritability difficulty in saying, difficultyRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Alzheimer s Disease2317 Words   |  10 Pagesthey age and the various experiences they go through. One of the most common diseases among older people is dementia. Among the different types of dementia, the most prevalent one is Alzheimer’s disease (AD). It is important to look at all of the signs and symptoms of each type of dementia to see which specific type best describes a person’s condition. There is one patient in particular, Betty, who has many signs and symptoms related to dementia. Betty is a 65-year old woman who has dementia runningRead MoreSy mptoms And Treatment Of Alzheimer s Disease1063 Words   |  5 Pageshelp the effects of Alzheimer’s disease, many of these treat the symptoms but not the cause. One specific medication, cholinesterase inhibitors is not fully understood but it is believed to help decrease the breakdown of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter (About Alzheimer s Disease: Treatment, n.d.). Cholinesterase is both beneficial in it’s aid in treatment and not— this medicine over time causes neurons not to produce as much acetylcholine (About Alzheimer s Disease: Treatment, n.d.). This drug worksRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Alzheimer s Disease1222 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract Alzheimer’s is a disease that attacks the brain and can result in brain death. This disease is chronic and lately a lot of elderly are being diagnosed with it. Alzheimer’s disease can be referred to as a silent killer because once a person gets the diagnosis, they will have it permanently. Alzheimer’s Patients have a decreased short-term memory; this can result with the onset of confusion. At times, families with loved ones that encounter this disease usually have to change their lifestyle

Study of Hematology and Blood Free Essays

string(50) " can be converted to SI units by diving into 100\." INTRODUCTION Blood is a red syrupy fluid that is thicker than water. It carries out the important functions of transporting oxygen and getting rid of carbon-dioxide and other waste products as well as transporting nutrients to our cells. And it also plays a crucial function in immune system and in maintaining a relatively constant body temperature. We will write a custom essay sample on Study of Hematology and Blood or any similar topic only for you Order Now Blood is a tissue that is composed of many different kinds of components. Blood is composed of cells, cellular fragments and fluid. And these are red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma. http://www.ich.ucl.ac.uk/factsheets/families/F030004/ Red blood cells (erythrocytes) are cells with no nuclei. They appear relatively large under microscope. These cells are similar to the primitive prokaryotic cells of bacteria. Red blood cells transport oxygen from the lungs to all of the living tissues of the body and carry away carbon-dioxide. ‘’The red blood cells are produced continuously in the bone marrow from stem cells at a rate of about 2-3 million cells per second’’ (O’Neil, 2007). White blood cells (leucocytes) are much larger than red blood cells, but it is able to change its shape so it can squeeze through little gaps. White blood cells contain nucleus and has colourless cytoplasm. They are involved in protection from bacteria, fungi, parasites and viruses. These cells are formed in the white bone marrow of the long bones. White blood cells have five types (each cell has a task in helping the body fight infections): Granulocytes: Neutrophils (engulf bacteria) Eosinophils (antihistamine properties) Basophils (produce histamine and heparin) Agranulocytes: Monocytes (engulf bacteria) Lymphocytes (produce antibodies) (Fullick, A., 1994, p.142) Platelets (thrombocytes) are cell parts with no nuclei. It releases blood clotting chemicals at the site of wounds. Platelets are fragments of a larger cell called megakaryocyte, which stays in the bone marrow after it differentiates and matures from the stem cell. The platelets circulate body after leaving the bone marrow. Platelets contain high concentrations of 5-Ht (G-protein linked receptors), which is not synthesized inside the platelets but is actively absorbed from the circulation by specific uptake mechanisms. 5-HT is stored in secretor granules and discharged during platelet aggregation in reaction to endothelial damage. 5-HT causes a direct local constrictor effect as well as an increase in platelet aggregation, thereby encourages haemostasis. Haemostasis is a vital defence mechanism aimed at minimizing blood loss during injury. There are billions of living blood cells in human body that are floating in liquid called plasma. The plasma is a mixture of water, sugar, fat, protein, potassium, calcium salts and many other chemicals that help for clotting when necessary to stop bleeding. More than 92% of plasma is water. As the heart pumps blood to cells throughout the body, plasma brings nourishment to them and also removes the waste products of metabolism. The layers of blood cells can be seen under the microscope, once it is centrifuged. This machine spins the blood around so fast that it separates the red blood cells from the white blood cells and from platelets. In this process the red blood cells sink to the bottom as they are heavier and have more solid parts. Therefore the plasma remains right at the top, as it is lighter. (Genetic science learning centre, 2008) http://www.uwosh.edu/med_tech/teaching/ElementaryHemeWeb/LEARN%20ABOUT%20RBCS%20AND%20PLTS.htm When clotted blood is centrifuged to separate the cellular components a fluid is formed, called serum. The difference between plasma and serum is that the latter lacks fibrinogen and some of the coagulation factors. Fibrinogen is an important blood protein made in the liver and it is involved in clotting. Fibrinogen is transformed into fibrin by an enzyme called thrombin. And this enzyme is essential to coagulation. Coagulation is to prevent excessive blood loss. A clot is composed of two elements, which are platelets and fibrin. Blood coagulation takes place due to the sequential conversion of series of inactive proteins into catalytically active protease enzymes. Anticoagulants correspond to important therapeutic agents in the management of thromboembolic disease. (Blann, 2007; Lewis, 2006). http://faculty.ccri.edu/kamontgomery/physiology%20blood.htm The main purpose of the Haematology Laboratory is to provide assistance in the diagnosis, monitoring and treatment of patients. To accomplish this, the components of the blood are analysed. This is almost always achieved in custom-designed equipment. All the blood tubes and forms must be fully labelled to avoid any possible fatal error. Caution needs to be taken when dealing with the blood samples and all laboratory rules must be applied. Red blood cells contain a special protein called Haemoglobin (Hb), which is responsible for making red blood cells red. Hb is a protein that is premeditated to carry oxygen from the lungs to the tissues; this is where the oxygen is given up to take part in respiration. The standard range of Hb in blood differs between sexual categories. Hb values for women are lower due to menstruating and higher for men. But even when the women are in post-menopausal period, the Hb levels are still lower than age-matched men. This is because the latter produce testosterone to stimulate red cell production. ‘’ The red blood cell count (RCC): Normal range in men 4.32 to 5.66x 1012/L, in women 3.88 to 4.99?1012/L.’’ (Blann, 2007. p.8). The amount of Hb in blood could be measured in following conversion to azidmethaemoglobin by the addition of sodium nitrate and sodium azide. This is a method employed by one portable haemoglobinometer (HemoCue, Clandon Scientific Ltd.)- This instrument only measures Hb. It takes up measurements at two wavelengths, which are 570nm and 880nm to compensation for turbidity. The reading of the haemoglobin content of the sample is measured in gram/litre blood. A modification of this instrument permits accurate measurements down to 0.1 g/L so that it is also suitable for measurement of dilute solutions of haemoglobin, e.g. haemoglobin in fluid salvaged during surgery, plasma or urine. (Bain, 2002, p. 18). Haematocrit is known as packed cell volume (PVC) or Hct, Crit. This is a count to calculate the whole blood that is taken up by all the blood cells. Haematocrit is measured in percentage and can be converted to SI units by diving into 100. You read "Study of Hematology and Blood" in category "Essay examples" The red blood cell indices are mean cell volume (MCV), mean cell haemoglobin (MCH) and mean cell haemoglobin concentration (MCHC). MCV is the size of the average (mean) red blood cell. MCV can be calculated by; PCV?RCC. MCH reports the average amount (mass) of haemoglobin in the average cell. The size of the cell is not taken into account. MCH can be calculated by; Hb?RCC. MCHC is the average concentration of haemoglobin inside the average size cell. MCHC can be calculated by Hb?Hct. Aim is to study rat blood sample given to us. Therefore count the visible red blood cells under microscope at high power using Neubauer Chamber. Following this count of red blood cells calculations will be applied in which it will determine the haematology of the provided rat blood sample. MATERIALS METHODS Method carried out is exactly the same as in the practical schedule. The practical booklet is called ‘Level 1, Biosciences Programme; Human Physiology, 1LFS0029 ’. The practical carried out is on pp. 29-32 and called HP6- Haematology’. No amendments have been made. RESULTS Table 1: Comparing the values obtained from rat blood samples to the rat reference ranges Parameter Values obtained from rat blood samplesReference ranges for rats Difference between the standard and obtained results Red blood cell count (RBC/RCC)8.64?1012/l6.76-9.75?10/lWithin the range Determination of haemoglobin (Hb)178 g/l115-161 g/lHigher by 17g/l of the maximum range value Haematocrit (Hct/PVC)0.49 l/l0.38-0.51l/lWithin the range Mean cell volume (MCV)57 fl69-85 flLower by 12 fl of the minimum range value Mean cell haemoglobin (MCH)20.6 pg24-30 pgLower by 3.4 pg of the minimum range value Mean cell haemoglobin concentration (MCHC)363.27 g/l320-360 g/lHigher by 3.27 g/l of the maximum range value Table 1 is showing values that have been gained from rat blood sample during the experiment and comparing it with the rat reference range. The difference has been recorded above (Table 1). The standard values and all the units are included in the table. As seen in Table 1; some values obtained are not within the rat reference range. These values will be discussed in the discussion. To obtain red blood cell indices (MCV, MCH and MCHC), series of calculations have been made; these calculations are shown step by step in the calculations section. Reference range values were taken from ‘Haematology Proforma’ booklet given during the experiment. Table 2: Comparing the values obtained for rat blood samples to human (female and male) reference ranges. ParameterValues obtained from rats blood samplesReference ranges for male (with the units)Difference between the standard and obtained resultsReference ranges for female (with the units)Difference between the standard and obtained results Red blood cell count (RBC/RCC)8.64?1012/l3.5-6.0?10/lHigher by 2.64?1012/l of the maximum range value3.5-5.5?10/lHigher by 3.14?10/l of the maximum range value Determination of haemoglobin (Hb)178 g/l135-180 g/lWithin the range115-165 g/lHigher by 13g/l of the maximum range value Haematocrit (Hct/PVC)0.49 l/l0.35-0.55 l/lWithin the range0.3-0.5 l/lWithin the range Mean cell volume (MCV)57 fl80-96 flLower by 23 fl of the minimum range value80-96 flLower by 23 fl of the minimum range value Mean cell haemoglobin (MCH)20.6 pg27-32 pgLower by 6.4 pg of the minimum range value27-32 pgLower by 6.4 pg of the minimum range value Mean cell haemoglobin concentration (MCHC)363.27 g/l320-360 g/lHigher by 3.27 g/l of the maximum range value320-360 g/lHigher by 3.27 g/l of the maximum range value Table 2 is showing values that have been gained from rat blood sample during the experiment and comparing it with the human (male and female) reference range. The difference has been recorded above (Table 2). The standard values and all the units are included in the table. As seen in Table 2; some values obtained are not within the rat reference range; this was expected as these values are compared to the human reference range values. Values are different between sexual categories, apart from the values for red blood cell indices (MCV, MCH and MCHC). These values will be discussed in the discussion. To obtain red blood cell indices (MCV, MCH and MCHC), series of calculations have been made; these calculations are shown step by step in the calculations section. Reference range values were taken from ‘Haematology Proforma’ booklet given during the experiment. Calculations Red cell count (RCC) The number of erythrocytes counted in 80 small sequences on the Neubauer haemocytometer is 864. Multiplying this value by 1010 will give the number of erythrocytes in one litre of blood: 864?1010 = 8.64x 1012 /l This RCC value is higher than an average value of standard human haematological indices. The standard value of human haematological indices for male is 3.5-6.0?1012/l and for female is 3.5-5.5?1012. The RCC value is within the average value for standard rat haematological indices. The standard value of rat haematological indices is 6.76-9.75?1012/l. Haematocrit (PCV) The percentage of a blood sample occupied by erythrocytes after centrifugation in a capillary tube is 49%. Hct= (distance of red blood cell collected in the centrifuge tube ? distance of total blood composition) x 100 This value can be converted into SI units, dividing by 100: 49(%) ? 100= 0.49 l/ The PVC value is within the normal range of value for human males and females. The standard value of PVC for male is 0.35-0.55 l/l and for female is 0.30-0.50 l/l. The PVC value is also within the normal range of values for rats. The standard value of PVC for rat is 0.38-0.51 l/l. Haemoglobin (Hb) content of a blood sample using ‘Hemocue’ haemoglobinmeter The recorded Hb content is 178 g/l of blood. The value recorded for Hb content of blood is within the standard value for human blood. The standard value of Hb content for human blood for male is 135-180g/l and for female is 115/165g/l. The value recorded for Hb content of blood is above the standard value for rats. The standard value of Hb content for rat blood is 115-161g/l. Mean Cell Volume (MCV) MCV = PCV?RCC = n x1012 x1000= y x1015 MCV is in 1015 so therefore this value needs to be multiplied by 1000. 0.49?8.64= 0.057?1012 0.057?1000=57 x1015 MCV= 57fl The MCV value is lower than the normal range of values for human males and females. The standard values of MCV for human male and female are 80-96fl. The MCV value is lower than the normal range of values for rats. The standard value of MCV for rats is 69-85fl. Mean Cell Haemoglobin (MCH) MCH= Hb?RCC 178?8.64= 20.60pg (2d.p.) MCH= 20.6 pg The MCH value is lower than the normal range of values for human male and females. The standard value of MCH for human male and female are 27-32pg. The MCH value is lower than the normal range of values for rats. The standard value of MCH for rats is 24-30pg. Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) MCHC= Hb?Hct 178?0.49= 363.27g/l (2d.p.) MCHC= 363.27 g/l The MCHC value is higher than the normal range of values for human male and female. The standard value of MCHC for human male and female are 320-360g/l. The MCHC value is higher than the normal range of values for rats. The standard value of MCHC for rats is 320-360g/l. DISCUSSIO The value obtained from rat blood sample for red cell count (RCC) is within the range in rat reference range. The value obtained for Hb is 8.64?1012/l. When this value is compared to the human reference range, it is higher. RCC differs between the sexual categories, reference range for human male is between 3.5-6.0?1012/l and for human female is 3.5-5.5?1012/l. So therefore the RCC value obtained for rat blood sample is closer to the human male reference range than female reference range. The standard RCC of rat blood is much higher than human’s standard RCC. So the results obtained for RCC is accurate. The value obtained from rat blood sample for determination of haemoglobin (Hb) is higher than the expected value. The value obtained for Hb is 178 g/l/. So therefore the obtained value is 17g/l higher than the maximum reference range for rats. This could be because of an operator error whilst filling round the chamber, or while removing the excess blood and place in haemoglobinmeter. The other source of error could be rat blood sample used. It might have had different Hb values from the rest. When this value is compared to the reference range of human values, noticed that obtained values are closer to the standard Hb of human values. Hb values differ between sexual categories; reference range for human male is between 135-180 g/l and for human female is115-165 g/l. So therefore the values obtained from rat blood sample are within the range in reference range value of human male and for female it is 13 g/l higher from the maximum reference range of female. The value obtained from rat blood sample for determination of haematocrit (PVC) is within the range in rat reference range. The value obtained for PVC is 0.49 l/l. This value has been converted to SI units from the percentage number. It has been converted by dividing the percentage number into 100. This value is also compared with the human reference range, both for male and female. The reference range value for human male is 0.35-0.55 l/l and for human female is 0.3-0.5 l/l. the value obtained for PVC from rat blood sample is within the range of human male and female reference range a value. Mean cell volume (MCV) value is obtained by the values already obtained for PCV and RCC. So therefore MCV value varies due to these values. The value obtained from rat blood sample for MCV is lower by 12fl of the minimum range value. The value obtained for MCV is 57fl; this value has been gained after a series of calculations. The value of MCV is lower than the reference range for rats (69-85fl). This could be because the PVC value obtained is lower than the expected or the RCC value is bigger than the expected value. As the RCC value increases the MCV value decreases and as PCV increases the MCV value increases. When the value obtained from rat blood sample for MCV is compared to the reference range of human values (in this case the values are the same for male and female), it is lower by 23fl from the minimum value. Mean cell haemoglobin (MCH) value is obtained by the values already obtained for Hb and RCC. So therefore MCH value varies due to these values. The value obtained from rat blood sample for MCH is lower by 3.4pg of the minimum range value. The value obtained for MCH is 20.6pg, where as the reference range value for rat is 24-30pg. This could have been because the Hb value obtained is low for the calculation, but the Hb value is already higher than the reference range value. And RCC is within the range so the expected value for MCH was higher than the reference range. This inaccurate value could be a result of the RCC value being close to the maximum value. If this value was a bit lower, the MCH value would be in the range or closer to the reference range of rat. When the value obtained from rat blood sample for MCHC is compared to the reference range of human values (in this case male and female values are the same), it is lower by 6.4pg of the minimum range value. Mean cell haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) value is obtained by the values already obtained for Hb and Hct. So therefore MCHC value varies due to these values. The reference range numbers for rat and human (male and female) values are all the same with each other. The value obtained from rat blood sample for MCHC is lower by 3.27 g/l of the maximum range value (for human and rat). As the Hb value increase, the MCHC values increases too and as the Hct value increases, the MCHC value decreases. Hct value is already within the range, so therefore Hb value is the in accurate result. Hb value needs to be the nearest to the maximum value, so that the MCHC value would be in the range. The values calculated for red blood cell indices (MCV, MCH and MCHC) from rat blood sample are not within the range. So this means that the results obtained are not accurate. The values obtained for RCC and PVC/Hct from rat blood sample is within the range of rat reference range. But Hb value is higher than the maximum range value. This could be because of an operator error in poor pipetting technique or poor counting technique Strong dilution of sample could result in inadequate results. As seen on the Table1 RCC and PVC/Hct values are very close to the maximum of reference range value, and Hb value is higher than the maximum of reference range value. So therefore the sample might not have been diluted properly, take for granted that the sample was stronger than how it should have been. REFERENCES Blann, A. (2007). Routine blood results explained. (2nd Ed.). Birmingham: MK. Bain, B.J. (2002). Blood cells; a practical guide. (3rd Ed.). London: Blackwell. Genetic science learning centre. (2008). What is blood: blood is made up of four components. Retrieved January 24, 2008, from http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/units/basics/blood/blood.cfm. Lewis, S.M., Bain, B.J. Bates, I. (2006). Dacie and Lewis practical haematology. (10th Ed.). In Vulliamy, T., Kaeda, J. (Ed.), Molecular and cytogenetic analysis. (p. 564) London: Elsevier Ltd. Appelt, G.D. Appelt, J.M. (1988). Therapeutic pharmacology. Philadelphia: Lea Febiger. Brody, T.M., Larner, J. Minneman, K.P. (1998). Human pharmacology, molecular to clinical. (3rd Ed.). Missouri: Mosby. O’Neil, D. (2007). Blood components. Retrieved January 28, 2008, from http://anthro.palomar.edu/blood/blood_components.htm. Hughes-Jones, N.C., Wickramasinghe, S.N. Hatton, C. (2004). Haematology. (7th Ed.). Oxford: Blackwell. Grahame-Smith, D.G. Aronson, J.K. (2002). Clinical pharmacology and drug therapy. (3rd Ed.). Oxford: Oxford press. Saeb-parsy, K., assomull, R.G., Khan, F.Z., Saeb-Parsy, K. Kelly, E. (1999). Instant pharmacology. West Sussex: John Wiley and Sons Ltd. Hoffbrand, A.V. Pettit, J.E. (1993). Essential haematology. (3rd Ed.). Oxford: Blackwell. Hoffman, R., Benz, E.J., Shattil, S.J., Furie, B., Cohen, H.J., Silberstein, L.E., et al. (2005). Haematology, basic principles and practice. (4th Ed.). In Felgar R.E. Ryan D.H. (Ed.), Automated analysis of blood cells. (pp. 2673-2678) Pennsylvania: Elsevier. American Association for Clinical Chemistry, (2004). Hematocrit. Retrieved January 28, 2008, from http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/hematocrit/test.html. Fullick, A., (1994). Biology. Oxford: Heinemann. How to cite Study of Hematology and Blood, Essay examples

Stereotypes free essay sample

Race = 1. Blacks commit more crimes than white people. 2. White people are racist. 3. Mexicans are thieves. Religion = 1. Muslims are terrorists. 2. Catholic priests are child molesters. 3. Jews are cheap and won’t spend money. Gender = 1. Women are inferior to men. 2. Men are chauvinistic. 3. Men are better leaders than women. PART II Certain stereotypes can help a person land a job or build good reputations. One example is that Asians are good at math. Jewish people are good with money. African American’s are good athletes, if a coach see’s pictures of two basketball players, one white and one black, without even realizing it he may assume the black player is better because of the stereotype. Life123. com According to US News (2010) â€Å"Past studies have shown that people perform poorly in situations where they feel they are being stereotyped. † According to Professor Michael Inzlicht (2013) even after a person leaves a situation where they faced negative stereotypes, the effects of coping with that situation remain. We will write a custom essay sample on Stereotypes or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page PART III Prejudice is a negative attitude that rejects an entire group such as racial or ethnic minority, Schaefer, (2012). Stereotyping is unreliable, exaggerated generalizations about all members of a group that do not take individual differences into account. Example for Prejudice would be not hiring someone because of the color of their skin. Example of stereotyping would be saying that all Mexicans are thieves. Stereotyping someone is placing a generalized and exaggerated pre-conceived idea on all members of a specific group of people; Prejudice is a negative attitude or discrimination against an entire group of people. Both are about making judgment about a specific group of people these judgments are based on color of skin, religion, sexual preference or gender. Schaefer, (2012) the most obvious ways to prevent prejudice would be to stop the causes of it. Such as eliminating people’s desire to exploit others, our innate fear of feelings threatened, and our need to put the blame on others for our won failures.

Represent a Democratic Revolt of the People free essay sample

In the Election of 1824, Jackson had the most popular and electoral votes, but did not win the election. Because the vote was split four Ways, he did not have the majority Of the Electoral College and John Quince Adam became president. Jackson supporters believed that voters were told to vote for Adams or Clay through secret political maneuvers. They accused them of making a corrupt bargain. Adams and Jackson both ran for president again in the Election of 1 828, which was also known as a revolution. Jackson and his followers had a new campaign tactic, which was accusing Adams wife of being born out of wedlock. Adams accused Jacksons wife of adultery. This election attracted a lot of interest and had three times as many voters as the Election of 1824. Jackson won and became president in 1829. During his presidency, Andrew Jackson gave all men the opportunity to hold government jobs. This is why this period is called the Age of the Common Man. Before Jackson became president, rich southern planters and northern merchants dominated the government. Now, under Jacksons rule, white males of the lower and middle classes began to vote in large numbers. There were new state suffrage laws, which enabled more citizens to vote, due to deter education, changes in political parties, and an increase in newspaper circulation. Western states also adopted these laws, which were called Universal male suffrage. All white males from one end of the country to the other were allowed to vote regardless of their religion or social class, and could hold government jobs, even if they were in the middle or lower classes. Also, voters and politicians now nominated candidates, rather than the political party leaders in Congress.This and other events led to a more democratic society. Jackson also gave government jobs to regular people. This was called the spoils system. He appointed people to federal jobs depending on whether they had campaigned for the Democratic Party. Anyone currently in office who was not a democratic was replaced with a democrat. This was called the spoils system because it promoted a corrupt government. He also believed in rotation in office. He wanted to make it possible for more democrats to have government jobs, so he limited a persons time in office to one term.The spoils system showed how one man was no better than another and helped build a strong two-party system. In the two-party system, supporters of Jackson were Democrats and supporters of his rival, Henry Clay, were the Whig. The Democratic Party resembled the old Republican party of Jefferson, while the Whig represented the Federalist party of Hamilton. Jackson was similar to Jefferson because he opposed increasing federal spending and the national bank. He vetoed 12 bills, which was more than the total of all 6 presidents before him.One of the things he vetoed was the use of federal money to make the Massively Road, because it was entirely in one state. It was also the home state of Henry Clay, Jacksons rival. Jackson also aided the common woman. Peggy ONeal Eaton, the wife of Jacksons secretary of war, was gossiped about by other cabinet wives. They didnt invite her to parties because they believed she was an adulteress. Most of the cabinet resigned when Jackson tried to force their wives to accept Peggy Eaton. Because of this controversy, Jacksons vice president, John C.Calhoun, resigned and Martin Van Burden was chosen to be the new vice president. Jackson disliked Native Americans and agreed with citizens who wanted to take over lands previously owned by them. Jackson decided to make the Indians leave their homelands and settle west of the Mississippi. In 1830, he signed the Indian Removal Act. This forced thousands of Native Americans to resettle. When Georgia passed laws that required the Cherokees to move to the west, they were challenged in the courts. The court cases were Cherokee Nation v. Georgia and Worcester v.Georgia. In 1838, after Jackson left office, the U. S. Army forced the Cherokees to leave Georgia. This was called the trail of tears. Jackson favored states rights if it didnt lead to disunion. In 1828, when South Carolina called the Tariff of Abominations unconstitutional, the nullification theory was created, in which each State could declare a federal away null and void. Not only did South Carolina nullify the tariff of 1 828, but it also nullified another tariff in 1832. The collection of tariffs within South Carolina was forbidden.Jackson told the secretary of war to prepare for military action and persuaded Congress to pass a Force bill giving the president the authority to take military action. In his Proclamation to the People of South Carolina, he stated that nullification and disunion were treason. Jackson gave the opportunity for a compromise by suggesting the lowering of the tariff. South Carolina postponed nullification and Jackson arced militant advocates of states rights to retreat. He also gained southern support because he shared their alarm of a growing antislavery movement in the North.Citizens of the South trusted that Jackson would not give the benefits of democracy to blacks. Another issue that Jackson dealt with during his presidency was the recharging of the Bank of the U. S. Jackson had the suspicion that Nicholas Fiddle, the banks president, abused the banks powers and served the interests of the wealthy. Jackson felt that it was unconstitutional. In 1832, Clay decided to challenge Jackson, by persuading Congress to pass bank-recharge bill. Jackson vetoed the bill because it helped the wealthy at the expense of the common people.

Language Theories free essay sample

Examines ideas of Ferdinand de Saussure, Jacques Lacan Sigmund Freud related to linguistic, psychological semiotic interpretations of the individual culture. The purpose of this research is to examine the theories of Ferdinand de Saussure, Jacques Lacan, and Sigmund Freud as they relate to linguistic, psychological, and semiotic interpretations of the individual and of the culture as a whole. The plan of the research will be to set forth a summary of Saussures theory of semiotics and the outlines of Freudian psychological theory, and then to discuss the connection between the work of Lacan and Freud in regard to analysis of human subjectivity, as well as the connection between Lacans work to linguistic theory in general and Saussurian semiotics in particular. According to Saussure, language has a dual function. One is public, or a logical and social, while the other is private, imaginative, or psychological. It is in the second manner that creative and imaginative processes may surface, including the

Resmed Case Essay Example

Resmed Case Essay Example Resmed Case Essay Resmed Case Essay Reseed did file a suit claiming that Reconciles Infringed on their patent. However, Responsive convincingly argue that their devices did not infringe on Resumes proprietary device and the court ruled in their favor. Reseed failed to bar Respiration entry into the CAP/OSHA market as well as prevent imitation and substitution of their CAP device. Reseed was aggressive in their RD (spent heavily), but brought products to market late. They often pursued several simultaneous projects through 3 departments (Mechanical design, electronic development and software development). Examples of Hess were APP to provide therapy to a larger group of OSHA sufferers and to expand into other areas of respiratory therapy. They consistently feel behind their Respiration in delivery products to the market. Market Selection Selected OSHA/SAD market as appear. 2% of population was possible candidates for CAP therapy. This was Resumes initial target market. They started in Australia, but then expanded into other countries such as Germany and eventually to the US. The branched into emphysema, CHEF, stoke therapy and other pulmonary diseases. They focused on the faces market where they were very successful. Also looked to revive an alternative treatment for Cheyenne-Stokes respiration. Market penetration and adaptation They established sales offices and partnerships with distributors as an entry strategy into the local markets. They eventually purchased the distributor when its sales were the majority of the distributors business. This was to help Reseed combat their smaller size. They also established an office In the US to have a local presence. Every country has a different health care system with differing reimbursement systems, market structures and competitive Reseed approached each market with those differences in mind. Main target market was the US. US market had MM people affected by sleep disorders according to the Congressional Sleep Disorders Commission. OSHA identified as the largest culprit and that many werent properly diagnosed. This study put OSHA related products in the spotlight and this market grew almost 500%. This Increase In market share would be a tremendous opportunity Tort tense companies won were positional to take advantage. Unfortunately, Respiration was the first mover in this market and took a commanding market share. Barriers to entry were minimal as a new market entrant would only have to demonstrate to the FDA that the CAP device complied with guidelines. Reseed was second in the US to Respiration to provide SAD therapy equipment. Respiration holds the majority of the market share in the US. In most other countries, healthcare is usually controlled by a single source (e. G. Government) which was very motivated by cost. Germany being one of the exceptions as they were more concerned about the level of care provided and not the costs/reimbursements. Reseed offered the Sleepiest which was a product to provide non-sleep specialists medical staff the tools for identifying a diagnosis and a treatment. This was ultimately designed to increase the flow of patients into payer-dictated paths for CAP prescription. [2] Competitive industry structure and competitive positioning Porters Five forces analysis will help to determine industry structure and competitive positioning Industry Competition Respiration major competitor in OSHA and breathing therapy market Respiration had more advanced and relevant technology. Two major competitors merged (Respiration and Healthy), but was distracted by integration and No real source of product differentiation amongst the restructuring process. Competitors with the exception of an Outset device which constantly monitors and adjusts air pressure. Source of product differentiation with the faces. Low levels of product differentiation and many competitors will put a downward pressure on the Caps prices. N o competitors in the CHEF and stroke treatment markets. First mover advantage. Supplier Power Raw materials and products needed to manufacture these devices and fastbacks would be very similar. Supplier power will be controlled by supplier competition and the demand of the product being sought. Suppliers can drive prices upwards by following the leader or creating a shortage in essential raw parts needed for the CAP/APP machines. Buyer Power Products which treat OSHA/SAD offer very little product differentiation. Because of number of competitors and lack of product differentiation, this will put pressure on the manufacturers to compete on pricing. Buyers have less power with fastbacks and Reseed is the industry leader. Has a greater level of product differentiation. Barriers to Entry Low barrier to entry with OSHA markets. FDA had a set standard spec for the CAP. If competitors met the standards of the design, the CAP machine would be allowable. A barrier to entry would be in partnering with a distributor that had injections with governments and/or the insuranc e companies. Another barrier to entry would be the specific regulations governing medical therapy devices. How loose or how strict these regulations would be would affect the barrier to entry. Hall Drawler to entry would De Tort products wanly were Antennae to treat c Stroke patient market. This product required timely and costly clinical trials. There was also no compensation incentive for cardiologists/neurologists. In the CHEF and Stroke markets, high barrier to entry as these markets had well defined diagnostic and treatment methods. Threat of Substitutes High threat of substitutes in the OSHA/SAD markets from competitors products, surgical procedures and prescription medicines all meant to alleviate the symptoms of OSHA. Interaction with regulatory bodies, other key organizations Had problems getting the commercial backing for development of the device and the medical community to accept CAP. Farrell had many publications on the topic of sleep medicine and established credibility in this medical community. FDA was responsible for the approval of therapeutic products treating OSHA/SAD. In Germany, doctors and not government had the greatest influence on which product was used. However, the German government also had very strict technical specifications and patients expected cutting edge technology. Management, leadership and organization structure Flat organization structure focused on minimizing politics, being value driven, being innovative and doing tasks with a sense of urgency. CEO/leader with high standards and demanding targets. Relentless drive, attention to detail with intelligence. He was good at forming networks and assembled a medical advisory board of experts to advise the company on trends in medicine. Hired former graduate students who already had worked with Farrell and understood his demanding sense of urgency. Reseed geographically expanded as they went into new markets. Farrell wanted to maintain the companys culture often communicated with all levels of the organization as well as visited the Australian office. Changed organization and leadership in RD, when they couldnt deliver results and fell behind their competitors. Acquired MAP (a competitor in the German markets), which created synergies and economies of scale in its German operations. Map also had new products in the pipeline which would help to lower the R costs of the combined company. This brand recognition in Germany could service to strengthen the companys competition as they expand into new markets. In the US, they kept their sales force lean in order to keep their costs down and focused on the strategic repositioning of reimbursable products in new areas of treatment. Access to capital Partnered with Baxter International, invested in Resumes product to improve patient comfort and reduce the noise produced by the machine. [3]Almost failed when Baxter sold its respiratory care businesses, but Farrell funded Reseed privately. Distributor partnership with Monitored, they gave $1 MM for development of next generation of CAP evolves In exchange Tort a Malory Interest In ten Resume. 0 secure althorn funding, Reseed came out with an PIP in the US which raised $MM. What should Reseed do with regard to the CHEF (congestive heart failure) and Stroke market opportunities? Reseed should continue developing technologies to take advantage of the CHEF and Stroke markets. Reseed needs to expand on sicknesses that can be treated using the same types of therapy. This will offer the most synergies to their current infrastructure and will offer them large growth potential in the future. These markets had almost MOM people affected by CHEF or Strokes in the US. There were no competitors in this market and the first to move could potentially capture the lions share of the market. This would be a huge capital investment and the rewards as well as the risks will be large. For the CHEF opportunity, there were studies which showed the link between SAD and hypertension, which was an accepted risk factor for CHEF. CHEF needed new technology to respond to CHEF patients breathing patterns. With the focus on prevention as opposed to treatment for many illnesses, pushing into this market and spending the capital on RD could be lucrative.

Liberty Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Liberty - Coursework Example Liberty is a word which is often used politically wherein it is advocated and fought for. According to most dictionaries liberty is the state of immunity from exercise of authority. It also means a personal freedom one possesses or has to possess so as to make one's own choice, be it in speech, opinion, worship, occupation or anything. Defining liberty is almost impossible without using the words which mean the absence of coercion. But is liberty just the absence of restraint "By liberty then we can only mean a power of acting or not acting, according to the determinations of the will; this is, if we choose to remain at rest, we may; if we choose to move, we also may." (David Hume, 1748) Good and bad are relative things. One person's good may be other person's bad. Likewise, liberty and restraint are also relative things. An absence of restraint for committing an act of robbery cannot be called liberty. If all restraints are minimized, so as to bring a complete absence of any kind of control, one would hope to achieve liberty. But when restraints are removed entirely, the world will not have equality, and there will be battles and bloodshed. So the definition of the word needs something more or less than bare absence of restraints. Going by the general definitions, no one can have liberty because no one is free to do all that is wanted. Everybody is subject to some superior power to live against personal wishes. In the following sub-headings let us take a deeper study of the word and its meaning. Immunity from Authority "He (Man) must have a master; but the master may be Nature or may be a fellow man. When he is under the impersonal coercion of Nature, we say that he is free; and when he is under the personal coercion of some one above him, we call him, according to the degree of his dependence, a slave, a serf, or a vassal." (Spencer, 1891) History has many instances showing that liberty was the cause for people of various countries to fight which eventually lead to the overthrow of their governments. Aristocrats have always been revolted against and the French revolution and the Russian revolution stand testimony to that. As a matter of fact, Jean Jacques Rousseau's French Revolution slogan, "Liberty, Equality and Fraternity" became the basic principles for democracy in the world. Even now many parts of the world struggle for liberty. In Pakistan and Myanmar, people are fighting for democracy against the military regimes. In this political sense, the restraint is in the form of anti-democratic rule. Such a government can be said to curb the people's freedom because the restraint imposed on them affects them, their country and prevents improvement on a global level. But at the same time, every country has a judiciary and the police, in order to protect the people from law offenders. The judicial laws are also restrictio ns laid down so that any action committed by common men does not go against the welfare of the nation. The judiciary has the power to punish offenders of the law. One may tend to opine that this affects the freedom of thought, belief and action of, say, a thief, or a murderer. Police could be wrongly thought of as ones who wipe out the liberty of a thief. Thus, it is

Pros and Cons of Outsourcing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Pros and Cons of Outsourcing - Research Paper Example oose to outsource to avoid the pain of manufacturing in-house and reduce the cost of business while the risks involved in outsourcing are mainly lack of coordination, and linguistic barriers. Right management is the secret of a successful business which uses outsourcing. Outsourcing particularly proves beneficial for small companies. One of the success stories for such a case has been the outsourcing of Finance and Accounting (F&A) by Rhapsody; the music-subscription service. Originally the company was functioning as a joint venture, but when the parent companies separated, the finance president Michael McGinn immediately needed a finance team, so he opted for outsourcing. McGinn hired the services of an Indian company who did all for the company ranging from making payrolls to account reconciliations. This benefited the Rhapsody in numerous ways; additional resources were produced within six months only, scaling back was achieved without penalties, and the five employees in the Indian company cost the Rhapsody as much as two US-based employees would get. Technology has made it very convenient for small companies to outsource the F&A work at cheap rate. As a result of the increased competition in the market, outsourcers have started to render their services at cheaper rates. There has been a six to eight per cent decline in the price of F&A outsourcing between 2009 and 2011. Over a period of six years starting from 2004, the outsourcing contract has declined in value from $30 million to $18 million not only because of â€Å"increased competitiveness and falling price points, but also [to] the increased number of engagements being signed with organizations in the $750 million to $3 billion revenue category† (Stuart). According to Ben Towbridge, the CEO of Alsbridge, an offshore finance employee costs a company anywhere from $18,000 to $28,000 annually, whereas a US finance worker charges the company up to $70,000 including benefits (2011). The core idea of starting

Impact of Internationalization on Company Performance

Impact of Internationalization on Company Performance Increased deregulation, cross-border activities of non-financial companies and improved information communications technology led to an increased consolidation of financial institutions across borders. Commercial banking sector in particular, have witnessed tremendous amount of cross-border bank merger and acquisitions (MAs) deals throughout the recent years. While globalization has accelerated cross-border merger activities around the world, another global force recently has been creating a counterweight to cross-border deals. Concerns over nationalism, feelings of national security and protectionism have delayed several cross-border banking deals. Basically, MAs of these institutions results in Consolidation, Internationalization or Conglomeration. In this context, Consolidation: It is a result of more concentrated banking systems, smaller number of larger firms. Ex: Consolidation of Bank of New York and hMellon in 2007 in USA. Internationalization: It is evidenced by increasing number of banking and other financial institutions that operate across national borders. Ex: Citi Bank, HSBC etc., operating worldwide. Conglomeration: Larger number of financial groups whose activities combine those of bank and non-bank financial firms. Ex: State Bank of India combining other State Banks for various activities in its umbrella in India. Objective and Scope of the Project The objective of this project is to understand the concept of internationalization and observe strategic patterns undertaken by various banks and evaluate the way it affected the performance of the organization. In this process, we consider exploring the following areas with a case study of a Canadian or US bank along with our study. Introduction to Internationalization After a relatively quiet period in 2001/2002, international mergers and acquisitions have picked up again. Since the 2003 mergers between Bank of America and FleetBoston, and JP Morgan Chases acquisition of Bank One, speculations were fueled about comparable cross-border deals in the European banking market. JP Morgan Chase announced its purchase of London based Cazenove in October 2004, while Spanish Banco Santander bought British mortgage bank Abbey National for 12.5 billion euro in august 2004, the largest cross border acquisition since HSBC bought French CCF in 2001. On the other hand, restructuring also took place. Credit Suisse announced in December 2004 that it would absorb First Boston, its global investment bank, into the parent organization to revive profits. After barely four years, ING sold the largest part of its German bank BHF to Sal Oppenheim while expanding its Internet banking activities. These examples reflect the increased internationalized nature of banking competitions in three respects (Llewellyn, 1999). Customers that have global financing opportunities are able to arbitrage between domestic, foreign banks and capital markets. Banks are not restricted to business in their own country. Regulatory entry barriers have lowered, making it easier for banks to locate in other countries. In other words, many of the largest banks in the world have been struggling toward a new organizational model where terms as home market seem to become a by-product in a broader strategic vision. Swiss bank UBS, the fifth largest bank in the world measured by assets in 2000, has more than 80% of its assets outside Switzerland. Netherlands based bank ABN Amro owns a retail branch network in Brazil, 9,500 km from Amsterdam which constituted 15% of total profits in 2000. In 2003 the 30 largest banks held more than USD 7,586bn, or 39% of their assets, outside their home country. Successes in international banking are few, failures have been common. One of the more spectacular failures was the acquisition of American Crocker Bank by British Midland Bank in 1981, costing the bank USD 1bn over the next five years and forcing its strategy to retreat on the British retail banking market. Midland was acquired by Hong Kong based bank HSBC in 1992, a bank who subsequently showed that internationalization can be a profitable activity. Degree of Internationalization (DOI): The extent to which a Bank exists and operates in the international markets away from its home market can be measured by a metric called ‘Degree of Internationalization (DOI). Generally, it is measured in terms of the share of assets, revenues, profits, or employment that locates abroad. Literature Review The hypothesized positive relationship between performance and DOI goes back at least to Vernon (1971); many studies have followed. It is generally hypothesized that internationalization is good for firms and leads to better performance, for several reasons (Contractor, Kundu, and Hsu 2003; Dunning 1977, 1981). Going international implies that firms can spread fixed costs, such as operating overhead and research and development (RD) expenditures, through a greater scale and scope (Markusen 1984; Kobrin 1991). Internationalization allows firms to learn about domestic markets from their international market experience, thus improving performance (Kobrin 1991). Operating in foreign jurisdictions allows firms to access factors at lower cost (Helpmann 1984; Porter 1990; Jung 1991). This is particularly true for instances of FDI and other modes of direct involvement in foreign markets. Internationalization allows firms to cross-subsidize their domestic operations and provides greater opportunities for price discrimination and tax and price arbitrage. Although theory implies a positive relationship, the empirical evidence of the effects of DOI on performance is mixed (Hsu and Boggs 2003). For example, Sullivan (1994) lists 17 studies that test the relationship between DOI and financial performance, six of which find a positive relationship and five negative. The remaining six find no relationship. This reflects the consensus in the literature that the empirical results are highly dependent on the sample, the measures of DOI, and the measures of performance used. In addition to testing this link, the literature has moved in two distinct directions. First, to address a measurement issue, Sullivan (1994) attempts to more reliably measure the DOI of a firm by developing a novel index measure of internationalization that captures three of its attributes: Structural, Performance, and Attitudinal. As Ramaswamy, Kroeck, and Renforth (1996) show, there are several limitations to the empirical and theoretical underpinnings of Sullivans work as the DOI is measured in uni-dimensional method. There is also a growing literature focus on the shape of the relationship between DOI and performance. Contractor, Kundu, and Hsu (2003) list 15 studies that find the relationship between performance and DOI is linear: seven of the studies find a positive relationship, four a negative relationship and four no relationship. Two studies listed find a U-shaped relationship, and eight find an inverted U-shaped relationship. Contractor, Kundu, and Hsu (2003) and Lu and Beamish (2004) provide theoretical models for curvilinear relationships between DOI and performance. By analyzing data for 125 multinationals, Kim, Hwang, and Burgers (1993) document the importance of global market diversification in the joint management of risk and return. The measures of global diversification capture the number of foreign markets being operated in, as well as the pattern of a firms industries across those countries. A small literature investigates the performance of Canadian banks. DSouza and Lai (2004) estimate the effects of scope, scale, and concentration on Canadas six largest banks. They find that banks with greater concentration in their business lines are less efficient. Interestingly, for some model specifications, the effect of size on performance (as measured by return on equity) is negative. Using a different methodology, Allen and Liu (2005) estimate cost functions for Canadian banks and find that larger banks are more efficient. Neither study considers the impact of DOI on performance. Walid Hejazi and Eric Santor tried to address this DOI Performance realtionship by verifying the direction. i.e., weather DOI is driving superior performance or it is otherwise around. They also brought the risk factor of the country (in which the bank is venturing) into the equation and found that there is a weak but significant positive relationship between DOI Performance. Measuring the Degree of Internalization There are different approaches to measure a banks degree of internationalization, and estimating the degree of internationalization of a firm or bank is to some extent vague and a random process. An initial approach could be to construct a single item indicator or one-dimensional measurement as indicated above in the literature review; Sullivan (1994) reviewed 17 studies which all applied a single item indicator to measure the degree of internationalization, i.e. the ratio of foreign sales to total sales as degree of internationalization. However as indicated by many researchers and as identified in the literature review above from the work of Ramaswamy, Kroeck, and Renforth in 1996, the use of a single item indicator increases the potential error of measurement, because a single parameter is always more prone to external shocks which may or may not indicate the performance. An alternate approach is to combine several indicators into one index. Depending on the choice of indicators, this might provide a better approximation of the degree of internationalization, but the choice of indicators may be restricted on data availability rather than theoretical induction (Sullivan, 1994). We will follow the method that is most cited and adopted by the researchers in UN conference of Trade and Development. This method applies three single item indicators, which are combined in a composite index to analyze the degree of internationalization of a bank, the Transnationality Index (TNI). The TNI is one of the most cited indicators for internationalization (cf. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, 1998, van Tulder, van den Berghe, Muller, 2001). The index is expressed as a percentage and calculated as an weighted average of Foreign assets to total assets ratio, Foreign gross income to total gross income ratio and Foreign employment to total employment ratio[1]. The percentage term of the TNI is that the degree of internationalization is presented in one scale, which by definition moves between 0 and 100. Also an internationalization index that incorporates income, staff and assets captures a richer picture of the banks foreign activities than that which would be captured by income, staff and assets separately (cf. Sullivan, 1994). Another attractive characteristic is that the TNI dampens the effect of finance companies or off shore funding constructions if a ratio were only based on foreign assets relative to total assets. A substantial amount of assets can obviously be expected to be located in tax havens or countries with lenient fiscal regimes. Such reported assets would be accompanied by low number of employees. Combining both employees and assets in the TNI would then create a more balanced view. The same argument also applies to investment banking activities that are concentrated in financial centers outside the home country; these ac tivities tend to generate a relatively high degree of income with fewer employees. Demonstration of Measuring DOI through TNI method There is also a flip side for this TNI. It cant take into account the recent technological changes, geographic boundaries, and we cant guarantee every bit of data to be same and uniform in all countries. Technological change: A disadvantage of the TNI might be that the construction of such an index cannot take account of the effects of technological change. Changes in technology can for example raise productivity and increase the assets or income per employee; if these changes are distributed evenly over the total bank organization then its effect on the TNI is probably limited. If the ratio of foreign assets per foreign employee increases in the same amount as the ratio of domestic assets per domestic employee, then technological change has no effect on the TNI. From the mid 1990s however technological advances have had other geographic distribution effects. For example, the development of â€Å"Internet† banks like ING Direct implies that the share of foreign assets and foreign income increases while staff and operations working for the Internet bank basically remain at home. This might potentially depress the true extent of internationalization measured by the TNI. Geographical boundaries: For Banks like Fortis, Belgian/Dutch corporate structure creates a problem to determine what region is home or foreign. This is solved in the database by denoting Benelux as home. Similarly, HSBC is the only bank that is not disclosing information for the home country, instead it is reporting Europe as ‘home region. Data availability: Not all banks have consistently reported detailed information on foreign assets, staff, income or profitability. Banks like SBC, UBS or Deutsche Bank did not report this information although they progressed significantly with their internationalization activities. A general remark is usually found in the financial report stating something like â€Å"due to the integrated nature of our activities worldwide a geographical breakdown does not provide additional information†; the information provided by British and American banks in the 1980s proves otherwise. Data collection from other sources provided valuable information. For example, foreign banks in the United States have to report their balance sheets to the Federal Reserve. Internationalization Patterns Internationalization for banks has progressed at different paces, with different purposes. Here we try to identify these internationalization patterns. As several motives are grounded in history, we start with a brief historic overview of internationalization, after that we shall discuss about various activities that the banks pursued as a part of Internationalization. Historic Overview Internationalization of banks is not a new phenomenon. In 1913 there were approximately 2,600 branches of foreign banks worldwide. The dominating factor at that time was colonization, over 80% of those branches belonged to British banks. The share of foreign banks accounted for one third of banking assets in Latin America and over one half in countries like South Africa, Turkey or China (Goldsmith, 1969). The financial empire of J.P. Morgan started out as a partnership financing American civil war loans from England (Chernow, 1990). International banking has in some respects not changed that much. Over time, innovations in financial instruments, telecommunication, information technology, organization innovation and the growing sophistication of customers have meant a dramatic transformation in the conduct of banking business and client relationships in international banking. The sheer size of international involvement of the present day internationalized banks has increased dramatically (cf. De Nicolà ³, Bartholomew, Zaman, Zephirin, 2004). Foreign assets of the thirty largest banks as a percentage of total assets have changed from 35% in 1980 to over 38% in 2003. However, the absolute size of foreign assets of the thirty largest banks has raised eleven fold from USD 650bn in 1990 to USD 7,571bn in 2000. The increasing importance of foreign activities has affected profitability and stability of internationalizing banks in their home country; it can also have serious effects positive as well as negative on the host economies. The intensity with which banks have pursued internationalization strategies also encouraged us to have a study on them. The dissolution of the British Empire meant that British banks represented the old internationalization of banking. American banks on the other hand have been on the rise since the Second World War. American financial aid, exports of American firms and the export of American ideology such as freeing of competition or creation of uniform markets were feeding ground for internationalization activities of American banks. From the 1960s onwards income in Western economies rose and banks developed more financial products to cater households and businesses as increasing scale of firms raised transaction volumes in corporate finance. American banks formed an apparent threat, seeking out the more profitable activities in investment banking in Europe, being equipped with better staff, more financial resources and more experience. The creation of off shore markets to circumvent (American) regulation and the political potential of seizure of capital belonging to communist states induced the first series of international activities, later propelled by the inflation of capital markets when oil producing countries forced serious wealth transfers. European banks either tried to work together in consortium banks to participate in these activities (Roberts Arnander, 2001) which in the beginning was a cost saving and knowledge rewarding construction or set up foreign activities themselves. Redistribution of the surpluses of oil producing countries found their way to emerging markets, with American banks leading the way. The growing volume of loans masked growing economic imbalances, brought to light from 1981 onwards when Latin American countries defaulted in their loans. Internationalization of banks became a worldwide event (United Nations Centre on Transnational Corporations, 1991). Institutions like the IMF aided governments with restructuring loans, dealing with severed banks and capital markets in distress. Governments of the lender banks, especially the United States, faced potential crisis at home when the losses in emerging markets were transferred by the large banks to their home country. A consequence of this restructuring period was that in the 1980s capital strength and adequate supervision of internationally operating banks were major issues for bank regulators. A major coordination initiative took place in the Basle Accord of 1988, creating more transparency and uniformity among regulatory policies for internationally active banks. Among others, the Basle Accord became one of the drivers for the Japanese banks to retreat from the international arena. Japanese banks increased international activities sharply from the early 1980s fuelled by strong domestic economic growth, a fast pace of deregulation and large flows of foreign direct investment by Japanese industrial firms. The Japanese stock market decline from 1989 showed that (international) banking strategies had not been based on sound banking practices, affecting bank capital and loan quality at the same time (Canals, 1997). Japanese banks found ways to stave off restructuring of their bad loans for almost a decade, contributing substantially to the prolongation of economic recession, and steadily relinquishing their importance in international banking. A general trend fuelling international activities was the ongoing process of disintermediation from mid-1960: large firms found it more profitable to arrange loans directly with institutional investors, thereby bypassing the role of banks as financial intermediaries. Additionally, stricter monetary policies introduced from the late 1970s onwards eventually led to a steady decrease of interest rates consequently lowering income from the core business of banks. These trends forced banks to reconsider their strategic business portfolios. Non-interest income, especially the high margins of fees and commissions in investment banking, became a promising route. The liberalization of British securities markets in 1984 was followed by an unprecedented wave of acquisitions by host banks. By the end of the 1990s British owned investment banks or securities houses in London were few in number; London as an important financial center had become a manifest of internationalization activities of ban ks. Internationalization of banks was also a response to further regional integration and deregulation (cf. Group of Ten, 2001, January). In Europe especially, banks were aware that the competition for larger clients extended over the geographic borders, but the competition for retail clients remained a domestic issue. By the mid-1980s, European integration created momentum in Europe, redefining markets for banking activities on a multinational scale. Mergers and acquisitions became an important strategic tool for banks. They generally took place in two phases: domestic consolidation and then, international expansion; the creation of higher domestic concentration in order to more effectively compete internationally. Opportunity was provided by the capital markets (lower interest rates and higher stock market prices) and the regulators, privatizing banks or not opposing the takeovers. The close of the decade shows the financial might of just a handful of banks: the top 25 banks in 1980 ha d total assets of USD 1,858bn, equal to 30% of GDP. In 2000 this had risen to 64% of GDP, a combined total of USD 12,781bn. Of this amount, 41% are assets outside the home country. In fact, foreign banks practically control the banking sectors in many Eastern European countries; for some observers the â€Å"Single global banking space is almost a reality† (Mullineux Murinde, 2003). The foreign owned assets of the largest banks exhibit uneven geographic patterns, â€Å"Regions and/or countries of the developed world currently represent the most interconnected cluster of national banking systems† (De Nicolà ³, Bartholomew, Zaman, Zephirin, 2004). Internationalization pattern of Banks Starting in the 1970s, bank internationalization originally consisted of setting up banking activities in financial centers and economic centers. Part of this was related to incentives such as â€Å"follow-the-client† or aimed at increasing overall profitability. Additionally, restructuring and expansion in the domestic markets might have been cumbersome for some and impossible for other banks, further stimulating internationalization. Regulatory idiosyncrasies in the home market might be one explanation for this, but also the existence of a home bias ‘inertia: restructuring the domestic retail networks in the early 1980s might have been more difficult with vested interests in the home country such as labor unions. In particular, banks in smaller countries had to expand abroad for fear of anti-trust regulation at home. For most banks during the 1980s, international expansion supported their domestic strategies and was relatively small compared to the home country. So banks did not have to attract additional capital. When banks initiated larger acquisitions in the late 1980s and 1990s, external capital became more important as a source of financing. (Domestic and foreign) shareholders not only provided additional capital to expand. They also followed management more closely, and pressed for changes when expected results were not delivered. An increasing shareholder role and foreign profitability that was below expectations, led bank managers to change objectives in the mid 1990s: profitability should be internally generated, the domestic base strengthened and foreign activities divested if they did not contribute satisfactorily to total profitability. Banks can offer in principle five product categories: credit, securities, asset management, financial services and insurance. Also, five client types can be distinguished that banks can target: Governmental clients (nation states, supra national institutions), Corporate clients, Institutional clients (other banks, asset managers and insurers), Retail clients and Private clients. The case studies show that banks which entered new market activities actively serviced and targeted a wide range of clients and products. Two specific patterns have been identified: Ø Capital market activities, and Ø Foreign retail banking Capital Market Activities For capital market activities banks offer credit, securities, asset management, and financial advice to governmental, institutional and corporate clients. The majority of the banks had set up such operations by 1980: they participated in the Euromarkets, issued bonds to finance their own activities, and took advantage of the financial deregulation in the financial centers. Expanding capital market activities was spurred in the mid-1980s with the financial liberalization in the United Kingdom, and in the mid-1990s with the prospect of restructuring in the European Union. For several banks, the decision to participate in the capital markets heavily influenced their overall strategy. Paribas and J.P. Morgan decreased their commercial banking activities and transformed themselves into investment banks. Both banks however did not have the scale by the end of the 1990s to remain a major market participant in investment banking and sustain the increasing IT investments: J.P. Morgan was subsequently acquired by Chase Manhattan in 2000 and Paribas by BNP in 1998. Most of the acquisitions of UBS, SBC, Credit Suisse and Deutsche Bank in the 1990s were capital market related, steadily increasing their reliance on fee income instead of net interest income. The composition of the fee income changed: more lucrative (but volatile) fee income from financial advice and securities re-distributions on mergers and acquisitions was combined with more stable income from asset management activities. Period 1970s 1980s 1990s Reason Growth Eurocurrency markets (London, Paris, Zurich) Financial liberalization of American stock market Financial liberalization European capital markets (London, Paris, Amsterdam) Financial liberalization of Japanese capital markets Catch up new entrants to profit from current bull market, consolidation existing players Example Chase, Citicorp Deutsche Bank, ABN Amro, Societe Generale Credit suisse, Deutsche Bank, JP Morgan Table 2: Development of Capital Market Activities Retail Banking International retail banking has been the domain of a selected number of banks. Chase and Citicorp set out to expand a retail network in Belgium, The Netherlands, Germany and the United Kingdom in the 1950s and 1960s. European banks in the 1970s and 1980s on the other hand did not expand in retail banking in Europe, but expanded in the United States, especially in California where British and Japanese banks bought retail banks helped by lenient regulation. For most Californian banks, their sale was either instigated by regulation (banks that cannot be bought by domestic competitors due to an increase in market share or banks that need outside capital) or poor performance. By the early 1990s a large number of banks exited from the United States market: they found it difficult to transform these banking operations into profitable ones, and their exit was speeded by the deregulation of interstate banking (cf. Tschoegl, 1987). The general expectation was that this would raise the minimum scale of operations to compete effectively, requiring large amounts of additional investments. Banks that remained were for example HSBC and ABN Amro. Eight foreign banks, including all of the British banks, held retail networks in the United States in the early 1980s; by the late 1980s five had opted out. For European banks, the growth of foreign commercial bank networks took place from the mid-1980s. A limited number of banks (HSBC, ABN and Citicorp) have maintained these foreign networks throughout the period. From the 1990s, the following banks pursued retail banking strategies: Ø Santander in Argentina, Mexico, Chile Ø BBVA in Argentina, Chile, Mexico Ø ABN Amro in Brazil and the United States Ø ING in Belgium Ø HSBC in Mexico, Brazil, the United States/Canada and Hong Kong Ø Citibank in Germany Two groups of banks did not enter foreign retail banking, or only to a limited extent: Swiss banks and Japanese banks. Swiss banks had retail banking activities in their domestic market, but not outside Switzerland. Switzerland was a major financial center and as an economy ran a capital surplus; an explanation might be that setting up foreign capital market activities was a more logical foreign extension of activities then setting up or acquiring foreign retail banks. Japanese banks also entered foreign retail banking to a limited extent. Their activities were mainly concentrated in California, where the banks initially had some links with Japanese immigrants. More important, lenient regulators allowed takeover of Californian banks by foreign competitors. The existence of an opportunity set the ability to buy compared to other more regulated banking markets has probably been the main incentive. Organizational form Banks which decided to enter new markets or to strengthen their market position have had a wide range of options available to them as to how they could proceed in implementing their foreign banking activities. Looking back at activities, there has been a strong rise in the number of each of the approaches used. Three specific developments in organizational form have been identified: Branch Networks Alliances and Joint Ventures Internet Banks Branch Network In general, the objective to build a branch network has been to assist foreign clients, finance activities more cheaply or to evade home country regulation. Activities in financial centers were set up, usually starting with London, New York and Singapore or Hong Kong. This was then expanded to second tier financial centers and economic centers in Europe, the United States, Asia and Latin America. Period 1970s 1980s 1990s Incentive Break down consortium Trade relates service existing clients Increase in trade and exports Liberalization of Capital markets Open up markets (Spain) Growth in Asian Capital Markets Opening of Eastern European markets Increase volume of securities market Example Citicorp, Bank of America, Lloyds, Barclays, ABN Amro, NMB, WestLB Deutsche Bank, Dresdner Bank Table 3: Development of Branch Networks Alliances and Consortium banks Consortium banks were mainly a feature of the late 1960s and 1970s. With these joint ventures, banks tried to create a platform to service foreign clients and undertake corporate finance activities, while sharing the costs of building such an activity independently. In the beginning of the 1980s, there were a number of banks who relied on the consortium banks to provide an alternative for a foreign branch network. These were Amro and Midland. Subsequently, a number of banks built their foreign networks by buying out the other shareholders in the consortium banks. During these alliances banks probably also acquired detailed information of the partner banks. This could be concluded from the observation that ING unsuccessfully acquired former InterAlpha partners from the mid-1990s for its expansion in Europe. From the 1990s, alliances between banks either had to develop specific skills neither bank could achieve alone, or serve as a defensive move in wake of expected restructuring in the European banking market. This usually was accompanied by share exchanges. Alliances to acquire or share specific skills Alliances to ensure future market position Ø Royal Bank of Scotland Santandar (1990) Ø BNP Dresdner (1988-2000) Ø Socià ©tà © Gà ©nà ©rale — BSCH (2000) Ø BBVA UniCredi